{"id":21083,"date":"2023-08-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-10T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/blog\/comment-fonctionne-email\/"},"modified":"2026-09-15T23:53:00","modified_gmt":"2026-09-15T23:53:00","slug":"comment-fonctionne-email","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/deliverability\/comment-fonctionne-email\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment fonctionne l&#8217;email\u00a0? D\u00e9codez ses myst\u00e8res gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 notre guide pratique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is email? Well, we know it\u2019s a cheap, effective form of communication that is so widely used there\u2019s an entire global infrastructure to support it. We rely on email for communications, confirmations, account security, and information sharing. In this article, we\u2019ll demystify the workings of email, define the primary email protocols, go through some key email concepts, and explain the email communications process so you don\u2019t get lost in email systems or caught in pesky pitfalls like spamtraps.<\/p>\n\r\n    <nav data-content-type=\"longform\" class=\"toc-block longform-spacings px-5 py-6 px-md-6 px-lg-7 py-md-7 bg-light fs-sm rounded-lg\" aria-labelledby=\"toc-title-3321\"><p class=\"h5 m-0\" id=\"toc-title-3321\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/p><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">01<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#what-is-email\">What is email?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#the-email-journey\">The email journey<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">02<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#what-are-email-protocols\">What are email protocols?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-smtp\">What is SMTP?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-imap\">What is IMAP?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-pop\">What is POP?<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">03<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#what-are-other-critical-elements-related-to-email\">What are other critical elements related to email?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-dns\">What is DNS?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-an-mua\">What is an MUA?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-an-mta\">What is an MTA?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-an-mda\">What is an MDA?<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">04<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#how-does-email-work\">How does email work?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-email-deliverability\">What is email deliverability?<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">05<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#wrapping-up-is-email-worth-the-effort\">Wrapping up: Is email worth the effort?<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/nav>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is email?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Email is just something that \u2026 works. Right?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Have you ever wondered what happens when you hit that \u201cSend\u201d button? Once an email leaves your outbox, it embarks on a wild email odyssey, winding it\u2019s way through a complex network of routes, servers, and protocols to finally (<i>fingers crossed<\/i>) land in the inbox.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Email (or e-mail, as you may know it)<b> stands for electronic mail <\/b>and is the cyberspace counterpart to physical mail. But think of email less like your postman putting a letter in your mailbox, and more like ye old Pony Express where a rider on horseback navigates an extreme terrain to deliver your message. Yes, email is a way to send messages to a recipient using electronic devices operating across the internet and local networks, but there are robbers on the email highways, venomous viruses, and a slew of other perils that can derail your campaigns.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The email journey<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To understand how email works and the types of tools and practices that make an email\u2019s journey easier, let\u2019s first take a look at what that journey actually entails.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First, you compose an email in your email account. This interface is powered by your email client.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Your email client combines your message copy, recipient, subject line, date, and timestamp in an email header.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Your email client communicates with an outgoing mail server provided by an email service provider, <i>like Mailgun<\/i>, via an email protocol.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Your message is transferred via this email protocol to the sending server.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The sending server communicates with your recipient\u2019s receiving mail server, powered by their inbox service provider (ISP), with an email protocol.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If your message passes muster; authentications, spam filters, etc. It is filtered to the inbox. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Your recipient checks their email account, at which point their email client communicates with the receiving mail server to retrieve your email message with an email protocol.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each transfer of your original email message at each check point throughout the journey uses an email protocol. We\u2019ll go into more detail on email protocols in the section below, but these protocols are essentially sets of rules that define how messages are exchanged. The goal of protocols is to help standardize message transferring on a universal and global level. But, of course, there are always exceptions.<\/p>\n    <div data-content-type=\"longform\"  class=\"callout text-body-color px-5 py-6 px-md-6 px-lg-7 py-md-7 longform-spacings rounded-lg bg-light\" data-theme=\"light\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"content-body\"> Learn more: Authentications help validate your sender identity so you don\u2019t get flagged as a spammer, among other things. Learn which ones you need, and which ones will give you an edge with <a href='https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/deliverability\/authentification-des-emails-votre-carte-identite-pour-envoi\/'>our guide.<\/a><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are email protocols?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/produits\/send\/\" target=\"_tabs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Email protocols facilitate email sending and receiving.<\/a> There are three main types of email protocols:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SMTP<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IMAP<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>POP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let\u2019s take a look at each of these protocols below.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is SMTP?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) <b>handles the delivery of emails<\/b>. This protocol is responsible for transferring your email from your email client to an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/email\/difference-entre-smtp-et-api\/\" target=\"_tabs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SMTP server<\/a>. The server then uses SMTP protocol to authenticate your message and ferry your email to your recipient\u2019s receiving mail server.<\/p>\n    <div data-content-type=\"longform\"  class=\"callout text-body-color px-5 py-6 px-md-6 px-lg-7 py-md-7 longform-spacings rounded-lg bg-light\" data-theme=\"light\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"content-body\"> Learn more: Check out our guide on <a href='https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/email\/quel-port-smtp-comprendre-les-ports-25-465-587\/'>which SMTP port to use<\/a> and how to set them up.<\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is IMAP?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You\u2019ve probably heard of SMTP and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) mentioned together. In simple terms, if SMTP handles the delivery of emails, IMAP focuses on accessing emails.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once SMTP transfers your email to your recipeint\u2019s receiving mail server, that server stores your email message. When your recipient checks their email account, their email client uses the IMAP protocol to communicate with their mail server to retrieve your message. IMAP leaves a copy of your message on the server and retrieves a copy of it to your subscriber\u2019s email client, where they can view your message. In other words,<b> IMAP synchronizes all the messages on the mail server with all the messages on your subscriber\u2019s email client.<\/b><\/p>\n    <div data-content-type=\"longform\"  class=\"callout text-body-color px-5 py-6 px-md-6 px-lg-7 py-md-7 longform-spacings rounded-lg bg-light\" data-theme=\"light\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"content-body\"> Learn more: Check out the key differences between <a href='https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/email\/imap-vs-pop\/'>SMTP vs. IMAP<\/a> and learn which is right for you.<\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is POP?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like IMAP, <b>the Post Office Protocol (POP) retrieves email from a mail server<\/b>. The difference between <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Amuo1xisAysSs9kYxEhXb3bHC1WfUhwJ15jmJpCqXro\/edit\" target=\"_tabs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">POP vs. IMAP<\/a> is that while IMAP synchronizes all the messages on the mail server with all the emails in your recipient\u2019s email client, POP only retrieves specific messages. In addition, POP doesn\u2019t leave a copy of your email on the mail server.<b> Think of IMAP as the POP protocol both improved and at scale.<\/b><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are other critical elements related to email?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now that we\u2019ve gotten the basics of email protocols out of the way, let\u2019s go over a few more important email concepts:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>DNS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MUA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MTA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MDA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Did we mention that email concepts and terms are full of acronyms? Okay, let\u2019s try to get these four concepts straight.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is DNS?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Domain Name Service (DNS) is a way to \u201cmap\u201d domain names onto IP addresses. In other words, it provides a human-readable domain name <i>like mailgun.com<\/i> that you can enter to navigate to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/product\/premiers-pas-avec-mailgun-presentation-de-la-plateforme-formation\/\" target=\"_tabs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mailgun\u2019s landing page<\/a> instead of a series of numbers like 192.168. 1.1. Which one would you find easier to remember?<\/p>\n    <div data-content-type=\"longform\"  class=\"callout text-body-color px-5 py-6 px-md-6 px-lg-7 py-md-7 longform-spacings rounded-lg bg-light\" data-theme=\"light\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"content-body\"> DNS is important for email because it identifies the sender of the email message. If you use an ESP like Mailgun to send your marketing email campaigns, you might want to consider using <a href='https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/deliverability\/reverse-dns-marque-blanche-bonjour-je-m-appelle\/'>reverse DNS (rDNS)<\/a> to white-label your emails so that they state your business as the sender.<\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is an MUA?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Mail User Agent (MUA) is an email interface with which a user interacts. In other words, MUAs can be web-based or app-based email clients like Gmail, Microsoft Outlook, Yahoo, or AOL.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is an MTA?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No, this isn\u2019t the Metro Transit Authority. A Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) is software that transfers emails from you to your subscriber. Once you send an email from your MUA, your message is transferred to an MTA like an SMTP server via SMTP protocol.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is an MDA?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An MTA uses the SMTP protocol to relay your message onward to a Message Delivery Agent (MDA). MDAs are also described by terms like mailbox server or receiving mail server. From here, your recipient uses the IMAP protocol to retrieve your message from the MDA to their MUA.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How does email work?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now that we\u2019ve memorized the acronym salad, let\u2019s test your memory look at how email works.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4223\" width=\"1500\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SMTP_Flowchart.png\" alt=\"SMTP flowchart\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SMTP_Flowchart.png 1500w, https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SMTP_Flowchart-300x75.png 300w, https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SMTP_Flowchart-768x193.png 768w, https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SMTP_Flowchart-1024x257.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How email works:<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>You\u2019re interacting with your MUA, an email client like Gmail. You hit send.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The SMTP protocol transfers your message to an MTA, like Mailgun\u2019s SMTP server.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The MTA authenticates your email and preps it for transfer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The MTA communicates with the MDA using the SMTP protocol and ferries your message to the MDA. Your email now waits in the receiving mail server for your subscriber to retrieve it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Your recipient uses their MUA to retrieve your email. Their MUA communicates with the MDA using the IMAP or POP protocols.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Your recipient\u2019s MUA downloads and locally stores a copy of your email. At this point, POP will delete the original message on the mail server while IMAP leaves the original email intact on the server.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n    <div data-content-type=\"longform\"  class=\"callout text-body-color px-5 py-6 px-md-6 px-lg-7 py-md-7 longform-spacings rounded-lg bg-light\" data-theme=\"light\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"content-body\"> Yikes. If you feel like you need a translator don\u2019t worry, we still have to look up what some of these acronyms stand for. Fortunately, we\u2019ve got some pro email whisperers on standby. <a href='https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/?utm_term=mailgun&amp;utm_campaign=748694081&amp;utm_content=&amp;utm_source=google&amp;utm_medium=cpc&amp;creative=295627675180&amp;keyword=mailgun&amp;matchtype=b&amp;network=g&amp;device=c&amp;gclid=EAIaIQobChMI8quTy5zSgAMVvq5aBR0VhATpEAAYASAAEgJHsPD_BwE'>Meet them here.<\/a><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is email deliverability?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All of the checkpoints on the email journey, the protocols, and the critical elements we\u2019ve talked about above are part of something we call <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/blog\/email\/understanding-email-deliverability\/\" target=\"_tabs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><b>deliverability<\/b><\/a><b>. <\/b>Deliverability is just a fancy word for <i>how do I get my message into my recipient\u2019s inbox?<\/i> There are many best practices around this that we haven\u2019t covered here, but understanding what an email message goes through to get where it\u2019s going is a solid start.<\/p>\n    <div data-content-type=\"longform\"  class=\"callout text-body-color px-5 py-6 px-md-6 px-lg-7 py-md-7 longform-spacings rounded-lg bg-light\" data-theme=\"light\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"content-body\"> Learn more: Get a better understanding of email deliverability with our <a href='https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/blog\/email\/understanding-email-deliverability\/'>intro guide.<\/a><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wrapping up: Is email worth the effort?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Who would have thought that there was so much involved with sending a simple email? Getting your message out there may feel as simple as hitting send, until you take a peak behind the scenes. Once you do, you\u2019ll see that between all of the authentications, protocols, certifications, and obstacles like spam traps, <b>what you really need to be a good sender is a strong deliverability strategy.<\/b><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Don\u2019t worry, building your strategy doesn\u2019t have to break your brain. Step 1: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/blog\/email\/understanding-email-deliverability\/\" target=\"_tabs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Learn more about email deliverability.<\/a> This is a great place to start. Step 2: don\u2019t be afraid to pull in the pros.<\/p>\n\r\n    <aside data-content-type=\"longform\"  class=\"banner-block longform-spacings rounded-lg shadow-lg px-5 py-6 px-md-6 py-md-7 p-lg-7 bg-light\" data-theme=\"dark\" aria-labelledby=\"banner-block-block_5973667a436c1e4994847eb84e3369a1\">\r\n                    <p class=\"text-uppercase section-caption text-body-color\">\r\n                Learn about our Deliverability Services            <\/p>\r\n                            <p class=\"h4 text-accent fw-bold\" id=\"banner-block-block_5973667a436c1e4994847eb84e3369a1\">\r\n                Deliverability Services            <\/p>\r\n                            <div class=\"mb-0 text-body-color\">\r\n                                    <div class=\"content-body mb-0 text-body-color\">Looking to send a high volume of emails? Our email experts can supercharge your email performance. See how we&#x27;ve helped companies like Lyft, Shopify, Github increase their email delivery rates to an average of 97%.<\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n        \r\n        <div class=\"text-start mt-5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/solutions\/services-delivrabilite-lp\/\"  class=\"btn btn-secondary\" >Learn more<\/a><\/div>\r\n    <\/aside>\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que l&#8217;email, au juste\u00a0? Si vous vous posez cette question, bienvenue dans le monde passionnant \u2013 et parfois d\u00e9concertant \u2013 des communications \u00e9lectroniques. Dans cet article, nous abordons les bases de l&#8217;email et vous expliquons comment il fonctionne et pourquoi vous devriez vous y int\u00e9resser.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":4376,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"blog_category":[21],"class_list":["post-21083","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","blog_category-deliverability"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Comment fonctionne l&#039;email\u00a0? Voici notre guide complet et facile - Transactional Email API Service For Developers | Mailgun<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Vous \u00eates-vous d\u00e9j\u00e0 demand\u00e9 comment fonctionne l&#039;email\u00a0? 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