{"id":24722,"date":"2022-10-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-05T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/blog\/comment-utiliser-programmation-parallele\/"},"modified":"2026-09-16T19:09:37","modified_gmt":"2026-09-16T19:09:37","slug":"comment-utiliser-programmation-parallele","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/it-and-engineering\/comment-utiliser-programmation-parallele\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la programmation parall\u00e8le et comment puis-je l&rsquo;utiliser\u00a0?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We\u2019re here to discuss parallel programming, but we want to set the scene with burritos to make the topic easier to digest. If you had to make 100 burritos for a potluck party, it would take a very long time. But what if you got a group of nine friends and gave everyone proper burrito-assembly instructions? The same task that would\u2019ve taken you tens of hours can now be done in maybe thirty minutes, depending on how fast you roll.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Setting up the burrito rolling production requires prepping ingredients, gathering friends, giving instructions, and testing for quality \u2013 but distributing the task among 10 people and running the tasks in parallel undoubtedly saved you a lot of time. We can do the same thing in coding with parallel programming.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not sure what this means? Don\u2019t worry. <b>This article will cover the basics of parallel programming, its common uses, and its pros and cons.<\/b><\/p>\n\r\n    <nav data-content-type=\"longform\" class=\"toc-block longform-spacings px-5 py-6 px-md-6 px-lg-7 py-md-7 bg-light fs-sm rounded-lg\" aria-labelledby=\"toc-title-7345\"><p class=\"h5 m-0\" id=\"toc-title-7345\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/p><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">01<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#what-is-parallel-programming-and-how-does-it-work\">What is parallel programming, and how does it work?<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">02<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#what-are-the-different-parallel-programming-models\">What are the different parallel programming models?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-data-parallelism\">What is data parallelism?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-task-parallelism\">What is task parallelism?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-multithreaded-programming\">What is multithreaded programming?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-the-shared-memory-model\">What is the shared memory model?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-the-message-passing-model\">What is the message-passing model?<\/a><a class=\"scrollme link-body-color\" href=\"#what-is-the-partitioned-global-address-space-model\">What is the Partitioned Global Address Space model?<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">03<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#what-is-parallel-programming-most-commonly-used-for\">What is parallel programming most commonly used for?<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">04<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#why-should-i-use-parallel-programming\">Why should I use parallel programming?<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">05<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#is-it-always-a-good-idea-to-use-parallel-programming\">Is it always a good idea to use parallel programming?<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">06<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#whats-a-parallel-processing-example\">What\u2019s a parallel processing example?<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"d-flex mt-3\"><div class=\"w-auto fw-bold text-accent d-flex me-2\">07<\/div><div class=\"d-flex flex-column\"><a class=\"fw-bold scrollme link-body-color text-accent\" href=\"#wrapping-up\">Wrapping up<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/nav>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is parallel programming, and how does it work?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parallel programming is often used interchangeably with the terms parallel processing, parallel computing, and parallel computing solutions. Parallel programming is like running 10 burrito rolling stations in parallel instead of slowly making 100 burritos yourself. In computer science terms, <b>parallel programming is the process of splitting a problem into smaller tasks that can be executed at the same time \u2013 in parallel \u2013 using multiple computing resources. <\/b>In other words, parallel programming allows programmers to run large-scale projects that require speed and accuracy.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can use parallel processing techniques on various devices, from mobile devices to laptops to supercomputers. Different programming languages rely on different technologies to enable parallelism. Open multi-processing (OpenMP) provides a cross-platform API for developing parallel applications using C, C++, and Fortran across the cores of a single CPU.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the other hand, technologies such as the message passing interface (MPI) enable parallel processes between different computers or nodes.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are the different parallel programming models?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parallel programming is an umbrella concept that can describe many types of processes that run simultaneously on the same machine or on different machines. Before we dive in, let\u2019s distinguish between some popular parallel programming models:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The shared memory model<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The message-passing model<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The partitioned global address space model<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These models describe how processes interact with one another in parallel programming. Let\u2019s look at each of these, as well as some of the principles of parallel programming, in more detail below.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is data parallelism?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Data parallelism is taking a given task and splitting its execution by the work to be done. Let\u2019s continue with the burrito example. Say you and your two friends need to make 100 burritos. One way to split this up would be for all of you to make 33 burritos concurrently.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is task parallelism?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Task parallelism is splitting a task\u2019s execution by individual tasks. This time, instead of splitting burrito work by number of burritos, one friend would make tortilla, another makes the chorizo, and one would assemble.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is multithreaded programming?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Multithreaded programming is a subset of parallel programming in which more than one set of sequential instructions (\u201cthread\u201d) executes <u>concurrently<\/u>. Multithreading is a concept that can exist either on a single core, or multiple processes. If the threads are run on a single processor, the processor rapidly switches between the threads. It\u2019s important to point out that on a single core, rapidly switching processes isn\u2019t a <i>true<\/i> representation of multithreaded programming, but more an example of the CPU prioritizing the execution of these processes. <b>When the threads run on multiple processors, they\u2019re executed <\/b><b><u>simultaneously<\/u><\/b>.<\/p>\n    <div data-content-type=\"longform\"  class=\"callout text-body-color px-5 py-6 px-md-6 px-lg-7 py-md-7 longform-spacings rounded-lg bg-light\" data-theme=\"light\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"content-body\"> Multithreaded programming involves multiple threads being run from multiple processors and lets you run concurrent tasks while executing from a shared memory reserve or pool.<\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is the shared memory model?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the shared memory model,<b> the program is a collection of processes that use common or shared variables. <\/b>This program is common with affiliated data stored in the main memory. All the processes access this common program and data. Each process is assigned a different part of the program and data, and the main program creates separate processes for each processor. After the processes have run, they all rejoin the main program.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>The processes share a global address space where they perform read and write functions asynchronously.<\/b><\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is the message-passing model?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the message-passing model, <b>parallel processes exchange data by passing messages to one another.<\/b> These messages can be asynchronous or synchronous.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is the Partitioned Global Address Space model?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) models live somewhere between the shared memory and message passing models. <b>PGAS provides a global memory address space logically partitioned for each process.<\/b> Parallel processes \u201ctalk\u201d by performing asynchronous operations like read and write functions on the global address space.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is parallel programming most commonly used for?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since parallel programming is great for decomposing complex tasks, it usually shines best when leveraging complex calculations, large datasets, or large simulations.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here are some use cases for parallel programming:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Advanced graphics in the entertainment industry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Applied physics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Climate research<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrical engineering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Financial and economic modeling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Molecular modeling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>National defense and nuclear weaponry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oil and gas exploration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Quantum mechanics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why should I use parallel programming?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can use parallel programming when you want to quickly process large amounts of data. It\u2019s easy and can help you complete projects quickly and efficiently. While parallel programming can create <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/dev-life\/collaboration-designers-developpeurs\/#chapter-3\" target=\"_tabs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">technical debt<\/a> and be time-intensive to set up \u2013 after all, programmers need to develop efficient parallel algorithms and code \u2013 the process saves time overall. By leveraging parallel processing power, parallel programming runs a specific program across multiple compute nodes and CPU cores at the same time.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Data processing doesn\u2019t have to be difficult, and with the help of parallel programming, you can take your to-do list to the next level.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most significant benefit of <b>parallel programming is faster code execution, saving you runtime and effort<\/b>. Instead of running sequential code, you\u2019d run parallel code. These rewards are especially evident in large-scale data parallelism, as shown in our example above. Data parallelism is when we have each thread work on the same set of tasks on a subset of values. This means that each thread performs the same task on different data sets \u2014 the data itself is being parallelized, not the tasks themselves. Fewer tasks mean less time and effort, which equals more time to spend on other details and projects.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parallel programming is not limited to data parallelism, however. <b>We can\u00a0 spread code execution across several tasks for faster execution by distributing tasks across different threads, and across different processors<\/b>. By doing so, we\u2019re also increasing a program\u2019s natural resources for work and thus increasing its capacity. In short, we get things done faster.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is it always a good idea to use parallel programming?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For all its virtues, speed does have its downsides. In parallel programming, the code executes non-sequentially. If an operation requires a specific order of code for the next statement to process, that operation will fail if you apply parallel programming.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the code is moving quickly during parallel programming, it might also create a few new bugs. The two big bugs to look out for are; <b>data races<\/b> where two processes unintentionally pick up the same data and create unexpected mutations, and <b>deadlocks<\/b>, where threads are not able to release memory properly causing them to endlessly wait on each other to finish a process.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What\u2019s a parallel processing example?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let\u2019s move from the concept into something concrete. In this section, we\u2019ll cover an introduction to parallel computing.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this example, we will use <b>C#<\/b> and <b>Data Processing<\/b> to create a general sequential loop executed across several threads.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To understand parallel programming in a business context, imagine you\u2019re trying to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/it-and-engineering\/faire-lien-donnees-clients-donnees-email\/\" target=\"_tabs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">process a large group of payroll data<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <div data-content-type=\"longform\" class=\"code-snippet longform-spacings rounded-lg overflow-hidden shadow \" data-count=\"1\">\r\n        <ul class=\"nav nav-buttons code-snippet__tabs longform-except position-relative d-flex gap-2 flex-wrap p-3\" role=\"tablist\">\r\n\r\n                            \r\n                    \r\n                        <li class=\"nav-item\" role=\"presentation\">\r\n                            <button class=\"nav-link active\" data-bs-toggle=\"tab\" data-bs-target=\"#code_0\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"code_0\" aria-selected=\"true\">\r\n                                C#                            <\/button>\r\n                        <\/li>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                            \r\n        <\/ul>\r\n        <div class=\"code-snippet__tab-content tab-content\">\r\n\r\n                            \r\n                    <div class=\"tab-pane show active\" id=\"code_0\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"code_0\">\r\n                        <div class=\"code-snippet__code-wrapper\">\r\n                            <div class=\"nav nav-buttons code-snippet__copy-wrapper\">\r\n                                <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-link code-snippet__copy\" data-clipboard-target=\"#code_0_content\" data-clipboard-label=\"Copier dans le presse-papiers\" data-clipboard-success-label=\"Copi\u00e9\u00a0!\" data-clipboard-error-label=\"Impossible de copier\" data-tooltip=\"Copier dans le presse-papiers\" data-tooltip-placement=\"left\" role=\"tooltip\" aria-label=\"Copier dans le presse-papiers\">\r\n                                    <svg class=\"code-snippet__copy-icon code-snippet__copy-icon--default\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/sinch-core\/assets\/icons\/sinch\/file-stack.svg\"><\/svg>\r\n                                    <svg class=\"code-snippet__copy-icon code-snippet__copy-icon--success\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/sinch-core\/assets\/icons\/sinch\/badge-check.svg\"><\/svg>\r\n                                <\/button>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                            <pre class=\"w-100 h-100 m-0 line-numbers language-csharp\">\r\n                                <code id=\"code_0_content\" class=\"language-csharp\">\r\n\r\n                                    \/\/model\r\npublic class Employees\r\n{\r\npublic string name {get; set; }\r\npublic double salary {get; set; }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/Instantiate Class\r\nList employeeList = new List();\r\nemployeeList.add(&quot;Sam&quot;, 1000.0);\r\nemployeeList.add(&quot;Dean&quot;, 1000.0);\r\nemployeeList.add(&quot;Bob&quot;, 2500.0);\r\n                                <\/code>\r\n                            <\/pre>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To process this data, you can divide it into smaller pieces and execute it through parallels. By running these parallels, you\u2019re taking data items like the <i>person.name<\/i> and their salary and processing them in different threads.<\/p>\n    <div data-content-type=\"longform\" class=\"code-snippet longform-spacings rounded-lg overflow-hidden shadow \" data-count=\"1\">\r\n        <ul class=\"nav nav-buttons code-snippet__tabs longform-except position-relative d-flex gap-2 flex-wrap p-3\" role=\"tablist\">\r\n\r\n                            \r\n                    \r\n                        <li class=\"nav-item\" role=\"presentation\">\r\n                            <button class=\"nav-link active\" data-bs-toggle=\"tab\" data-bs-target=\"#code_0\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"code_0\" aria-selected=\"true\">\r\n                                C#                            <\/button>\r\n                        <\/li>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                            \r\n        <\/ul>\r\n        <div class=\"code-snippet__tab-content tab-content\">\r\n\r\n                            \r\n                    <div class=\"tab-pane show active\" id=\"code_0\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"code_0\">\r\n                        <div class=\"code-snippet__code-wrapper\">\r\n                            <div class=\"nav nav-buttons code-snippet__copy-wrapper\">\r\n                                <button type=\"button\" class=\"nav-link code-snippet__copy\" data-clipboard-target=\"#code_0_content\" data-clipboard-label=\"Copier dans le presse-papiers\" data-clipboard-success-label=\"Copi\u00e9\u00a0!\" data-clipboard-error-label=\"Impossible de copier\" data-tooltip=\"Copier dans le presse-papiers\" data-tooltip-placement=\"left\" role=\"tooltip\" aria-label=\"Copier dans le presse-papiers\">\r\n                                    <svg class=\"code-snippet__copy-icon code-snippet__copy-icon--default\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/sinch-core\/assets\/icons\/sinch\/file-stack.svg\"><\/svg>\r\n                                    <svg class=\"code-snippet__copy-icon code-snippet__copy-icon--success\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/sinch-core\/assets\/icons\/sinch\/badge-check.svg\"><\/svg>\r\n                                <\/button>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                            <pre class=\"w-100 h-100 m-0 line-numbers language-csharp\">\r\n                                <code id=\"code_0_content\" class=\"language-csharp\">\r\n\r\n                                    \/\/Parallel Simple Example\r\npublic void CalculateSalary(List employeeList){\r\n    Parallel.ForEach(employeeList, person =&gt;\r\n    {\r\n        Debug.WriteLine(&quot;Name :&quot; + person.name + &quot;, Salary: $&quot; +      person.salary);\r\n    });\r\n}\r\n                                <\/code>\r\n                            <\/pre>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                                    <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Simultaneously processing these various smaller threads is faster than processing one long thread. And, as we all know, faster payroll-related anything is a win for everyone.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wrapping up<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Easy and efficient, right? In this article, we briefly introduced parallel programming and how you can use it in your email development practices. At Mailgun, our IT and Engineering teams are always exploring and sharing tools and ways to optimize.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Want a backstage pass to our engineers brains? Check out our software engineering <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/ressources\/guides\/\" target=\"_tabs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tutorials and educational materials<\/a>. Or, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/\" target=\"_tabs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sign up for our newsletter<\/a> so you never miss our tips and tricks.<\/p>\n    <div data-content-type=\"longform\" class=\"longform-spacings\">\r\n        <div class=\"cta bg-primary rounded-lg px-5 py-6 p-md-7 px-md-6\">\r\n                    <div class=\"form-subscription\">\r\n                            <div class=\"h4 mb-3\">\r\n                    Keep me posted! 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I expressly agree to receive the newsletter and know that I can easily unsubscribe at any time.                        <\/div>\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"col-2\">\r\n                        <button type=\"submit\" value=\"Submit\" aria-label=\"Submit\" class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-icon\">\r\n                            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/sinch-core\/assets\/icons\/layout\/chevron-right.svg\"><\/svg>\r\n                        <\/button>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"formSubscriptionRecaptchaToken\" data-fs=\"recaptcha-token\">\r\n                <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"customListID\" value=\"\">\r\n\r\n            <\/form>\r\n            <div data-fs=\"message-success\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n                <p class=\"mb-0 mt-2 text-body-color\">\r\n                    Check your inbox monthly for your Mailjet Newsletter!                <\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La programmation parall\u00e8le consiste \u00e0 d\u00e9composer des t\u00e2ches en t\u00e2ches plus petites et \u00e0 les ex\u00e9cuter simultan\u00e9ment. C&rsquo;est un excellent outil pour ex\u00e9cuter des projets \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle avec rapidit\u00e9 et pr\u00e9cision, mais est-ce l&rsquo;outil qu&rsquo;il vous faut\u00a0?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":4843,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"blog_category":[23],"class_list":["post-24722","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","blog_category-it-and-engineering"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Comprendre la programmation parall\u00e8le et comment l&#039;utiliser - Transactional Email API Service For Developers | Mailgun<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u00e9couvrez notre pr\u00e9sentation de la programmation parall\u00e8le, apprenez comment elle fonctionne et comment utiliser cette solution ultra-puissante pour am\u00e9liorer votre d\u00e9veloppement d&#039;emails.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mailgun.com\/fr\/blog\/it-and-engineering\/comment-utiliser-programmation-parallele\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Comprendre la programmation parall\u00e8le et comment l&#039;utiliser - 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